Outline of Geisler's apologetic system. Geisler is known first and foremost as a classical Christian apologist. Between 1970 and 1990 he participated in dozens of public debates and gained a reputation as a defender of theism, biblical miracles, the resurrection of Jesus, and the reliability of the Bible. How to write a bio that checks all the boxes. When it comes to writing a personal or professional. Outline Although Intel Core is a brand that promises no internal consistency or continuity, the processors within this family have been, for the most part, broadly similar. The first products receiving this designation were the Core Solo and Core Duo Yonah processors for mobile from the Pentium M design tree, fabricated at 65 nm and brought to. Follow these steps to complete the assignment correctly.
ALBERT BANDURA
1925 - present
Dr. C. George Boeree
Biography
Albert Bandura was born December 4, 1925, in the small town of Mundare in northern Alberta, Canada. He was educated in a small elementary school and high school in one, with minimal resources, yet a remarkable success rate. After high school, he worked for one summer filling holes on the Alaska Highway in the Yukon.
He received his bachelors degree in Psychology from the University of British Columbia in 1949. He went on to the University of Iowa, where he received his Ph.D. in 1952. It was there that he came under the influence of the behaviorist tradition and learning theory.
While at Iowa, he met Virginia Varns, an instructor in the nursing school. They married and later had two daughters. After graduating, he took a postdoctoral position at the Wichita Guidance Center in Wichita, Kansas.
In 1953, he started teaching at Stanford University. While there, he collaborated with his first graduate student, Richard Walters, resulting in their first book, Adolescent Aggression, in 1959.
Bandura was president of the APA in 1973, and received the APA’s Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions in 1980. He continues to work at Stanford to this day.
Theory
Behaviorism, with its emphasis on experimental methods, focuses on variables we can observe, measure, and manipulate, and avoids whatever is subjective, internal, and unavailable -- i.e. mental. In the experimental method, the standard procedure is to manipulate one variable, and then measure its effects on another. All this boils down to a theory of personality that says that one’s environment causes one’s behavior.
Bandura found this a bit too simplistic for the phenomena he was observing -- aggression in adolescents -- and so decided to add a little something to the formula: He suggested that environment causes behavior, true; but behavior causes environment as well. He labeled this concept reciprocal determinism: The world and a person’s behavior cause each other.
Later, he went a step further. He began to look at personality as an interaction among three “things:” the environment, behavior, and the person’s psychological processes. These psychological processes consist of our ability to entertain images in our minds, and language. At the point where he introduces imagery, in particular, he ceases to be a strict behaviorist, and begins to join the ranks of the cognitivists. In fact, he is often considered a “father” of the cognitivist movement!
Adding imagery and language to the mix allows Bandura to theorize much more effectively than someone like, say, B. F. Skinner, about two things that many people would consider the “strong suit” of the human species: observational learning (modeling) and self-regulation.
Observational learning, or modeling
Of the hundreds of studies Bandura was responsible for, one group stands out above the others -- the bobo doll studies. He made of film of one of his students, a young woman, essentially beating up a bobo doll. In case you don’t know, a bobo doll is an inflatable, egg-shape balloon creature with a weight in the bottom that makes it bob back up when you knock him down. Nowadays, it might have Darth Vader painted on it, but back then it was simply “Bobo” the clown.
The woman punched the clown, shouting “sockeroo!” She kicked it, sat on it, hit with a little hammer, and so on, shouting various aggressive phrases. Bandura showed his film to groups of kindergartners who, as you might predict, liked it a lot. They then were let out to play. In the play room, of course, were several observers with pens and clipboards in hand, a brand new bobo doll, and a few little hammers.
And you might predict as well what the observers recorded: A lot of little kids beating the daylights out of the bobo doll. They punched it and shouted “sockeroo,” kicked it, sat on it, hit it with the little hammers, and so on. In other words, they imitated the young lady in the film, and quite precisely at that.
This might seem like a real nothing of an experiment at first, but consider: These children changed their behavior without first being rewarded for approximations to that behavior! And while that may not seem extraordinary to the average parent, teacher, or casual observer of children, it didn’t fit so well with standard behavioristic learning theory. He called the phenomenon observational learning or modeling, and his theory is usually called social learning theory.
Bandura did a large number of variations on the study: The model was rewarded or punished in a variety of ways, the kids were rewarded for their imitations, the model was changed to be less attractive or less prestigious, and so on. Responding to criticism that bobo dolls were supposed to be hit, he even did a film of the young woman beating up a live clown. When the children went into the other room, what should they find there but -- the live clown! They proceeded to punch him, kick him, hit him with little hammers, and so on.
All these variations allowed Bandura to establish that there were certain steps involved in the modeling process:
1. Attention. If you are going to learn anything, you have to be paying attention. Likewise, anything that puts a damper on attention is going to decrease learning, including observational learning. If, for example, you are sleepy, groggy, drugged, sick, nervous, or “hyper,” you will learn less well. Likewise, if you are being distracted by competing stimuli.
Some of the things that influence attention involve characteristics of the model. If the model is colorful and dramatic, for example, we pay more attention. If the model is attractive, or prestigious, or appears to be particularly competent, you will pay more attention. And if the model seems more like yourself, you pay more attention. These kinds of variables directed Bandura towards an examination of television and its effects on kids!
2. Retention. Second, you must be able to retain -- remember -- what you have paid attention to. This is where imagery and language come in: we store what we have seen the model doing in the form of mental images or verbal descriptions. When so stored, you can later “bring up” the image or description, so that you can reproduce it with your own behavior.
3. Reproduction. At this point, you’re just sitting there daydreaming. You have to translate the images or descriptions into actual behavior. So you have to have the ability to reproduce the behavior in the first place. I can watch Olympic ice skaters all day long, yet not be able to reproduce their jumps, because I can’t ice skate at all! On the other hand, if I could skate, my performance would in fact improve if I watch skaters who are better than I am.
![Outline Outline](/uploads/1/3/7/4/137402788/189832417.png)
Another important tidbit about reproduction is that our ability to imitate improves with practice at the behaviors involved. And one more tidbit: Our abilities improve even when we just imagine ourselves performing! Many athletes, for example, imagine their performance in their mind’s eye prior to actually performing.
4. Motivation. And yet, with all this, you’re still not going to do anything unless you are motivated to imitate, i.e. until you have some reason for doing it. Bandura mentions a number of motives:
a. past reinforcement, ala traditional behaviorism.
b. promised reinforcements (incentives) that we can imagine.
c. vicarious reinforcement -- seeing and recalling the model being reinforced.
b. promised reinforcements (incentives) that we can imagine.
c. vicarious reinforcement -- seeing and recalling the model being reinforced.
Notice that these are, traditionally, considered to be the things that “cause” learning. Bandura is saying that they don’t so much cause learning as cause us to demonstrate what we have learned. That is, he sees them as motives.
Of course, the negative motivations are there as well, giving you reasons not to imitate someone:
d. past punishment.
e. promised punishment (threats).
d. vicarious punishment.
e. promised punishment (threats).
d. vicarious punishment.
Like most traditional behaviorists, Bandura says that punishment in whatever form does not work as well as reinforcement and, in fact, has a tendency to “backfire” on us.
Self-regulation
Self-regulation -- controlling our own behavior -- is the other “workhorse” of human personality. Here Bandura suggests three steps:
1. Self-observation. We look at ourselves, our behavior, and keep tabs on it.
2. Judgment. We compare what we see with a standard. For example, we can compare our performance with traditional standards, such as “rules of etiquette.” Or we can create arbitrary ones, like “I’ll read a book a week.” Or we can compete with others, or with ourselves.
3. Self-response. If you did well in comparison with your standard, you give yourself rewarding self-responses. If you did poorly, you give yourself punishing self-responses. These self-responses can range from the obvious (treating yourself to a sundae or working late) to the more covert (feelings of pride or shame).
A very important concept in psychology that can be understood well with self-regulation is self-concept (better known as self-esteem). If, over the years, you find yourself meeting your standards and life loaded with self-praise and self-reward, you will have a pleasant self-concept (high self-esteem). If, on the other hand, you find yourself forever failing to meet your standards and punishing yourself, you will have a poor self-concept (low self-esteem).
Recall that behaviorists generally view reinforcement as effective, and punishment as fraught with problems. The same goes for self-punishment. Bandura sees three likely results of excessive self-punishment:
a. compensation -- a superiority complex, for example, and delusions of grandeur.
b. inactivity -- apathy, boredom, depression.
c. escape -- drugs and alcohol, television fantasies, or even the ultimate escape, suicide.
b. inactivity -- apathy, boredom, depression.
c. escape -- drugs and alcohol, television fantasies, or even the ultimate escape, suicide.
These have some resemblance to the unhealthy personalities Adler and Horney talk about: an aggressive type, a compliant type, and an avoidant type respectively.
Bandura’s recommendations to those who suffer from poor self-concepts come straight from the three steps of self-regulation:
1. Regarding self-observation -- know thyself! Make sure you have an accurate picture of your behavior.
2. Regarding standards -- make sure your standards aren’t set too high. Don’t set yourself up for failure! Standards that are too low, on the other hand, are meaningless.
3. Regarding self-response -- use self-rewards, not self-punishments. Celebrate your victories, don’t dwell on your failures.
Therapy
Self-control therapy
The ideas behind self-regulation have been incorporated into a therapy technique called self-control therapy. It has been quite successful with relatively simple problems of habit, such as smoking, overeating, and study habits.
1. Behavioral charts. Self-observation requires that you keep close tabs on your behavior, both before you begin changes and after. This can involve something as simple as counting how many cigarettes you smoke in a day to complex behavioral diaries. With the diary approach, you keep track of the details, the when and where of your habit. This lets you get a grip on what kinds of cues are associated with the habit: Do you smoke more after meals, with coffee, with certain friends, in certain locations...?
2. Environmental planning. Taking your lead from your behavioral charts and diaries, you can begin to alter your environment. For example, you can remove or avoid some of those cues that lead to your bad behaviors: Put away the ashtrays, drink tea instead of coffee, divorce that smoking partner.... You can find the time and place best suited for the good alternative behaviors: When and where do you find you study best? And so on.
3. Self-contracts. Finally, you arrange to reward yourself when you adhere to your plan, and possibly punish yourself when you do not. These contracts should be written down and witnessed (by your therapist, for example), and the details should be spelled out very explicitly: “I will go out to dinner on Saturday night if I smoke fewer cigarettes this week than last week. I will do paperwork instead if I do not.”
You may involve other people and have them control your rewards and punishments, if you aren’t strict enough with yourself. Beware, however: This can be murder on your relationships, as you bite their heads off for trying to do what you told them to do!
Modeling therapy
The therapy Bandura is most famous for, however, is modeling therapy. The theory is that, if you can get someone with a psychological disorder to observe someone dealing with the same issues in a more productive fashion, the first person will learn by modeling the second.
Bandura’s original research on this involved herpephobics -- people with a neurotic fear of snakes. The client would be lead to a window looking in on a lab room. In that room is nothing but a chair, a table, a cage on the table with a locked latch, and a snake clearly visible in the cage. The client then watches another person -- an actor -- go through a slow and painful approach to the snake. He acts terrified at first, but shakes himself out of it, tells himself to relax and breathe normally and take one step at a time towards the snake. He may stop in the middle, retreat in panic, and start all over. Ultimately, he gets to the point where he opens the cage, removes the snake, sits down on the chair, and drapes it over his neck, all the while giving himself calming instructions.
After the client has seen all this (no doubt with his mouth hanging open the whole time), he is invited to try it himself. Mind you, he knows that the other person is an actor -- there is no deception involved here, only modeling! And yet, many clients -- lifelong phobics -- can go through the entire routine first time around, even after only one viewing of the actor! This is a powerful therapy.
One drawback to the therapy is that it isn’t easy to get the rooms, the snakes, the actors, etc., together. So Bandura and his students have tested versions of the therapy using recordings of actors and even just imagining the process under the therapist’s direction. These methods work nearly as well.
Discussion
Albert Bandura has had an enormous impact on personality theory and therapy. His straightforward, behaviorist-like style makes good sense to most people. His action-oriented, problem-solving approach likewise appeals to those who want to get things done, rather than philosophize about ids, archetypes, actualization, freedom, and all the many other mentalistic constructs personologists tend to dwell on.
Among academic psychologists, research is crucial, and behaviorism has been the preferred approach. Since the late 1960’s, behaviorism has given way to the “cognitive revolution,” of which Bandura is considered a part. Cognitive psychology retains the experimentally-oriented flavor of behaviorism, without artificially restraining the researcher to external behaviors, when the mental life of clients and subjects is so obviously important.
This is a powerful movement, and the contributors include some of the most important people in psychology today: Julian Rotter, Walter Mischel, Michael Mahoney, and David Meichenbaum spring to my mind. Also involved are such theorists of therapy as Aaron Beck (cognitive therapy) and Albert Ellis (rational emotive therapy). The followers of George Kelly also find themselves in this camp. And the many people working on personality trait research -- such as Buss and Plomin (temperament theory) and McCrae and Costa (five factor theory) -- are essentially “cognitive behaviorists” like Bandura.
My gut feeling is that the field of competitors in personality theory will eventually boil down to the cognitivists on the one side and existentialists on the other. Stay tuned!
Readings
The place to go for Bandura’s theory is Social Foundations of Thought and Action (1986). If it’s a little too dense for you, you might want to try his earlier Social Learning Theory(1977), or even Social Learning and Personality Development (1963), which he wrote with Walters. If aggression is what you’re interested in, try Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis (1973).
![Person Person](/uploads/1/3/7/4/137402788/643899008.png)
Copyright 1998, 2006 C. George Boeree
Biography outline formatA standard biography outline template sample is supposed to begin with a little foreword – or overview – about its subject. Then the focus shifts to details about his or her personality, family life, and a timeline of his life’s high points – achievements, awards etc. Lastly the outline contains an author’s note and an end note – which is very blogger.com can also see outline template How to write a short bio 1. Choose a voice. The first step in writing a short bio is deciding on a voice. For our purposes, choosing a voice 2. State your name and job title. In the first sentence of your short bio, you will need to give your name and your 3. State your philosophy. After May 08, · Tips for Writing a Biography Outline Organization is key- Because of the sheer volume of information an individual can accumulate within the span of a life, Chronological may or may not be logical- In most cases a biography will start at the beginning. However, if you find Rigidity is not a
9+ Biography Outline Templates - PDF, DOC | Free & Premium Templates
Writing a short bio is an important part of introducing yourself to potential employers, clients or contacts. Your short bio has the potential to help you make positive impressions that can impact your professional development and success. If you are interested in learning to write effective short bios, you will need to know what to include and what a successful short bio looks like. In this article, we discuss the purpose of a short bio, review steps on how to write one and look at some short bio examples.
Read more: Guide to Writing a Bio With Examples. Short bios are concise, biographical paragraphs that biography outline format use to introduce themselves. You can often find short bios on social media profiles, biography outline format, personal websites and company team directories. Short bios are typically used to provide a summary of an individual's accomplishments, an overview of their career history and a description of their professional goals.
Your short bio is often the first and perhaps only thing a potential employer, client or contact will read before deciding to contact you, so it is important that biography outline format bio be accurate, informative and memorable. Short bios are brief by biography outline format so it is important to determine which of these topics is most important to make the best impression on your readers.
Read more: 5 Steps for Great Business Writing. Writing a short bio can be a deceptively challenging task. Here are some steps you can follow to help you write a successful short bio:. The first step biography outline format writing a short bio is deciding on biography outline format voice.
For our purposes, choosing a voice involves deciding whether you are writing in the first or biography outline format person. Writing in the first person means using the words 'I' and 'me', while writing in the third person means using your name, biography outline format.
For instance, if you are writing a slightly informal bio for your Twitter profile, biography outline format, first-person would probably be the best fit. However, if you are adding a bio to your company page and all your coworkers used third-person in their paragraphs, you should certainly follow suit. Your voice should accurately represent who you are as a person, so you might also adjust your voice to be more professional, witty, friendly or reserved, depending on your personality.
In the first sentence of your short bio, you will need to give your name and your current job title. For example, your bio might begin with ' Sarah Hayes is the Senior Marketing Director for Blooming Street Creative '.
If you are in the process of finding a job, you can list your most recent title or your college major. This might look something like ' My name is John Grayson and I am a recent college graduate with a Bachelor's Degree in Web Design and Development '.
After introducing yourself, you may want to relate your personal or professional mission statement. This should answer the question, 'Why do you do what you do?
Your personal philosophy may involve serving others, biography outline format for your family or making the most of your opportunities. Your professional philosophy could relate to expanding your expertise, contributing to society or learning new skills. Your philosophy should give your reader an accurate idea of what matters the most to you.
Read more: Core Values: Overview and Examples, biography outline format. Writing a short bio is similar to writing a resume in that you will want to highlight your professional accomplishments. However, you will need to describe them in a way that any reader can understand. Instead of describing yourself as a ' Carthage award-winning graphic artist ,' you might write that you are a ' multi-talented graphic artist who won the Carthage Award for artistic excellence and innovation.
You most likely will not have room to list all past accomplishments, so it is important to choose which ones to highlight. Focus on awards or recognitions that relate to a variety of professional skills or that speak to your proficiency and competence.
Here are some tips for how to write a successful short bio:. Most short bios are between four and eight sentences long, so you will only have room to discuss a limited amount of personal information.
To help you determine which facts are the most relevant, you will need to consider your audience and your primary purpose. If you looking for a new job in the medical field, you will want to list your degrees, biography outline format, credentials and professional skills. If you are a freelancer advertising your services, you might include your years of experience, a description of your style and why you chose to pursue your particular area of expertise.
One of the most important roles that a short bio plays is humanizing you in the minds of your readers. A well-written short bio will give your reader an accurate impression of who you are, both professionally and personally.
Including specific details like descriptions of your family, biography outline format, your hobbies or other passions can help your readers relate to you and understand your motivations. It is important for your short bio to be an accurate representation of who you are. When writing your bio, be sure to describe your accomplishments honestly, without exaggerating. It is a good idea to highlight your professional strengths but you also want to be able to live up to your promises, biography outline format.
Biography Outline Worksheet
Biography outline format and sincerity is the best option when writing a short bio. Here are a couple of examples of what a successful short bio might look like:, biography outline format. Mary specializes in administrative technology and is responsible for educating other employees on using progressive systems and applications, including accounting software, mass communication procedures and organizational apps.
Mary is a powerful force in the workplace and uses her positive attitude and tireless energy to encourage others to work hard and succeed. Mary is inspired daily biography outline format her husband and their two daughters. In her free time, Mary likes to hike, biography outline format, crochet and play video games with her grandson.
I am an accomplished coder and programmer, and I enjoy using my skills to contribute to the exciting technological advances that happen every day at Oswald Tech. I graduated from the California Institute of Technology in with a Bachelor's Degree in Software Development.
While in school, I earned the Edmund Gains Award for my exemplary academic performance and leadership skills. Skip to main content Indeed Home. Find jobs Company reviews Find salaries. Upload your resume. Sign in. Find jobs. Company reviews. Find salaries. Create your resume. Change country ���� United States. Help Center. Career Development. What is a short bio? Your name Your current job title Your company name or personal brand statement Your hometown Your alma mater Your personal and professional goals A relevant achievement or accomplishment Your hobbies Your skills and areas of expertise.
How to write a short bio. Choose a voice State your job title State your philosophy Share your accomplishments. Choose a voice. State your biography outline format and job title. State your philosophy. Share your accomplishments, biography outline format. Tips for writing a short bio.
Biography Outline 5th Grade
Be authentic. Short bio examples. Related View More arrow right. Setting Goals To Improve Your Career Setting goals can help you gain both short- and long-term achievements. You can set professional and personal goals to improve your career. Learning Styles for Career Development Do you know the three types of learning styles?
Outlining a biography in 5 paragraph format
Biography Outline Pdf
, time: 4:01Biography Outline Templates & Examples (for Word and PDF)
A standard biography outline template sample is supposed to begin with a little foreword – or overview – about its subject. Then the focus shifts to details about his or her personality, family life, and a timeline of his life’s high points – achievements, awards etc. Lastly the outline contains an author’s note and an end note – which is very blogger.com can also see outline template How to write a short bio 1. Choose a voice. The first step in writing a short bio is deciding on a voice. For our purposes, choosing a voice 2. State your name and job title. In the first sentence of your short bio, you will need to give your name and your 3. State your philosophy. After May 08, · Tips for Writing a Biography Outline Organization is key- Because of the sheer volume of information an individual can accumulate within the span of a life, Chronological may or may not be logical- In most cases a biography will start at the beginning. However, if you find Rigidity is not a